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Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19
The Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 was part of the general move of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic into areas abandoned by the Ober Ost garrisons that were being withdrawn to Germany following that country's defeat in World War I. The Soviet Western Front offensive against the Republic of Estonia ended in stagnation on the borders of the state. The offensive in the Vistula River direction by the newly created Western Army had the aim of establishing Soviet governments in Belarus, Ukraine and Poland and to drive as far west as possible and potentially join up with the German Revolution. The campaign eventually led to the Estonian Pskov Offensive, the White Russian Petrograd Offensives and the Polish-Soviet War.
==Background==
After signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Bolshevik Russia lost the European lands it annexed in the 18th and 19th centuries. Most of today's Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and the Baltic States were granted to the government of Germany, which in turn decided to grant these states limited independence as buffer states. However, the German defeat on the Western Front and the internal dissolution of Austria-Hungary made the plans for creation of Mitteleuropa obsolete.
The German army started a retreat westwards. Demoralised officers and mutinous soldiers abandoned their garrisons ''en masse'' and returned home. The areas abandoned by the Central Powers became a field of conflict between local governments created by Germany as part of its plans, local governments that sprung up after the withdrawal of the Germans, Poland, and the Bolsheviks wanting to incorporate these areas into Bolshevik Russia. Belarusian, Estonian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian and even Cossack national governments were formed. Internal power struggles prevented any of the governments in Belarus from gaining lasting power. In Ukraine the situation was even more complex, with an ongoing conflict between Makhno's anarchists, communists, the White Movement, various governments of Ukraine and the reborn Polish Army. The entire region abandoned by the German forces became a gigantic free-for-all theatre, where dozens of factions competed for power.
The Bolsheviks were also implementing a new strategy, "Revolution from abroad" (''Revolutsiya izvne''—literally, "revolution from the outside"), based on an assumption that revolutionary masses desire revolution but are unable to carry it out without help from more organized and advanced Bolsheviks. Hence, as Leon Trotsky remarked, the revolution should be "brought on bayonets" (of the Red Army), as "through Kiev leads the straight route for uniting with Austro-Hungarian revolution, just as through Pskov and Vilnius goes the way for uniting with German revolution. Offensive on all fronts! Offensive on the west front, offensive on the south front, offensive on the all revolutionary fronts!". The concept was developed in 1918 but officially published under that name first in 1920 (''Wojennaja Mysl i Riewolucija'', 3/1920, Mikhail Tukhachevsky.〔 Bohdan Urbankowski, ''Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg'' (Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist), Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997, ISBN 83-7001-914-5, p. 293〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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